Key-Value databases use a hash table in which keys are entered with a respective pointer to a data set. Such images are usually provided with caching mechanisms.
Column-oriented databases are used to store very large amounts of data that are distributed across many computers. A row key addresses an entire row of a column family.
Document-oriented databases use documents that are collections of other key-value collections. The semi-structured documents are stored in file formats such as JSON.
Object databases are made up of graphs consisting of nodes, edges or relations and node properties. This graph modeling scales across many computers.
You can find more information about NoSQL here.
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