Operating System – Clearly Explained

What is an Operating System?

An operating system, commonly referred to as an OS, is the central system software that manages a computer’s hardware resources and provides a structured environment for applications to run. It serves as the interface between physical components – such as the processor, memory, storage devices, and input/output hardware – and application software. Without an operating system, a computer would neither be usable nor functional in practice.

What are the Features of an Operating System?

Operating systems are characterised by several core features:

• Kernel as the core component: The kernel forms the foundation of the system, handling essential tasks such as process control, memory management, device drivers, and input/output operations.
• Resource management and multitasking: Modern operating systems enable multiple programmes to run simultaneously by efficiently allocating processor time (scheduling) and memory, making parallel processing possible.
• User interface: Operating systems provide either a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command-line interface (CLI). GUIs make computers accessible to a broad range of users, while CLIs are widely used in servers and by technically skilled users.
• Drivers and system services: They include the management of device drivers and background services that handle tasks such as system monitoring, user management, and networking.
• Versatility and platform diversity: Operating systems exist for desktops (e.g. Windows, macOS, Linux), mobile devices (e.g. Android, iOS), and embedded systems (embedded OS).

What are the Benefits of an Operating System?

• Efficient hardware utilisation: By centrally managing resources such as CPU, RAM, and storage, operating systems optimise performance and prevent conflicts between applications.
• Ease of use: Graphical interfaces make computers more accessible, especially for users without technical expertise.
• Stability and security: By isolating processes and providing features such as user permissions, sandboxing, and encryption, operating systems enhance system stability and reduce security risks.
• Connectivity and expandability: Support for network protocols, APIs, and drivers allows operating systems to integrate new functions and connect external devices.
• Standardisation and compatibility: They provide a consistent foundation for software development across platforms, ensuring applications work reliably on different devices.
• Adaptability: Whether for high-performance servers, mobile devices, or embedded systems, specialised operating systems are designed to fit their environment, delivering tailored performance, security, and usability.